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Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome modifies smoking-related risk for cardiovascular diseases: findings from an observational cohort study in UK Biobank

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-22865-3

Published Online: 2025-05-01

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Liu, Xinhui

Zhang, Heng

Li, Hongkai

Xue, Fuzhong
Funding

Funding for this research was provided by:

the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2023QH019)

the Shandong Provincial Hospital Research Incubation Fund (2022FY112)

the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82003557, 82173625)

the Major Science and Technology Projects of Henan Province (241100310300)
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2025-05-01

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Article History

Received: 13 February 2025

Accepted: 21 April 2025

First Online: 1 May 2025

Declarations

:

: All data used in this study can be download from public UK Biobank, which has been approved by the North West Multicenter Research Ethical Committee, and informed consent was obtained from all participants.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

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