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Article History

Received: 22 December 2024

Accepted: 22 April 2025

First Online: 2 May 2025

Declarations

:

: The CGSS data used in this study has been introduced in the questionnaire survey description, including the purpose, social value, scope of information collection, as well as the signatures and contact information of the researchers and research institutions.

: ①. Prior to conducting the study, a voluntary informed consent form has been obtained from the study participants. The research content and purpose are within the scope of standardized informed consent.

: ②. This study conducted research using anonymized information data.

: ③. This study does not cause harm to the human body and does not involve sensitive personal information or commercial interests.

: Based on this, this study complies with the basic principles of the Helsinki Declaration and meets the ethical exemption requirements of the “Ethical Review Measures for Research Involving Human Life Sciences and Medical Sciences” issued by China, which can exempt ethical review.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.