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Article History

Received: 20 March 2025

Accepted: 24 April 2025

First Online: 13 May 2025

Declarations

:

: The present study is negligible risk research that involves existing collections of non-identifiable data about human beings. It is a de-identified secondary analysis of freely available data. Research was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the NCHS Research Ethics Review Board (). NHANES was approved by the National Centre for Health Statistics research ethics review board and informed consent was obtained for all participants.

: Not applicable.

: This work has not been published before; it is not under consideration for publication anywhere else. This work been approved by all co-authors.

: The author declares no competing interests.