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Authors
Huang, Zizhen
He, Wenjun
Zhang, Lanping
Li, Duqiao
Zhao, Qing
Li, Qing-Qing
Xu, Dong Roman
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2023M741549)
Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (81067392)
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Article History
Received: 19 February 2025
Accepted: 24 April 2025
First Online: 14 May 2025
Declarations
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: The study received ethical approval from the Ethics Committee of the School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (Ethics Approval [2017] No.011 and Ethics Approval [2019] No.024). The USPs in this study were solely as data collectors and signed an informed consent agreement, outlining the study requirements and associated rights and obligations. Informed consent was waived for the surveyed healthcare institutions for the following reasons: (1) the study focused on sanitation facilities and did not involve direct interaction with human participants or collection of personal data; (2) requiring informed consent from institutions could have led to selection bias and a higher risk of detecting the SP; and (3) the study did not intend to identify or expose any institution or individual, and all analyses will be conducted at the broader health system level. The study complies with national ethical standards and the Helsinki Declaration.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
