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Authors
Amer, Fatma A.
Jonathan, Nkalubo
Nofal, Hana A.
Tash, Rehab
Hammad, Noha M.
Gebriel, Manar G.
Shao, Elichilia Robert
Eldaghayes, Ibrahim
Meriane, Djamila
Allam, Ayman A
Ali, Heba Mohtady
Hafez, Raghda A.
Elahmady, Mohamed
Khalil, Hend E.S.
Saeed, Maysaa A.
Shaltout, Shaker Wagih
Samake, Siaka
Dicko, Alassane
Walyaro, Connie
Arthur, Gohole Akaranga
Jarrar, Bashir
Mahamar, Almahamoudou
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Zagazig University
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Article History
Received: 2 January 2025
Accepted: 25 April 2025
First Online: 19 May 2025
Declarations
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: This study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University in the principal investigator’s country (Egypt) under approval number (#586/1-Sep 24). The study involved the dissemination of an anonymous online questionnaire across 26 African countries. Given the online nature of the research and absence of physical interventions or any personal identifiable or biological data collection, additional local ethics approvals were not required in each participating country. Participation was entirely voluntary, and informed consent was obtained digitally from all respondents prior to completing the questionnaire. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Helsinki Declaration and applicable data protection regulations.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
