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Article History

Received: 21 January 2025

Accepted: 25 April 2025

First Online: 6 May 2025

Declarations

:

: This study adhered strictly to the principles outlined in the Helsinki Declaration and received approval from the Ethics Committee of the School of Stomatology, China Medical University (Approval No. K2023-027). All participants, including children aged 3–6 and their parents, provided written informed consent after thoroughly understanding the research content and their rights. Participants were explicitly informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time and were assured of anonymity throughout the research process. All research methods were conducted in strict compliance with relevant guidelines and regulations.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.