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Authors
Gao, Qian
Li, Pengfei
Lu, Zhengyang
Ma, Muye
Zhang, Nan
Lu, Youhua
Yu, Jinming
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Shandong Provincial Humanities and Social Science Project (2022YYGL50)
Qilu Health and health Outstanding young talents training Project
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Article History
Received: 23 May 2024
Accepted: 28 April 2025
First Online: 15 May 2025
Declarations
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: The methods used in this study involving human participants followed the ethical guidelines laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent revisions. Ethical approval for all waves of the CHARLS study was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at Peking University. The IRB approval number is IRB00001052-11015. Written signed informed consent was obtained at recruitment from all participants, including legal representatives for illiterate participants
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
