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Article History

Received: 18 September 2024

Accepted: 9 May 2025

First Online: 30 May 2025

Declarations

:

: All eligible participants in both BBS rounds (2011 and 2019) provided written informed consent prior to participation. The consent process was designed to allow participants to provide separate consent for different components of the survey, including the option to decline HIV testing while still completing the behavioral questionnaire. The two BBS surveys received ethical approval from the National Bioethics Committee for Health (CNBS) in Mozambique and the INS Institutional Bioethics Committee for Health (CIBS-INS). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to enrolment in the surveys. Additionally, the secondary analysis protocol underlying this manuscript was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Bioethics Committee for Health of the Faculty of Medicine and Maputo Central Hospital (CIBS FM&HCM/086/2021, Version 1.4, April 2022). The INS granted formal authorization for the use of the BBS-FSW database.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.