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Authors
Elliot, Alex J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6414-3065
Hughes, Helen E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3664-2983
Bennett, Christopher https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3977-0008
Hughes, Thomas C. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5490-1267
Challen, Kirsty https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4032-5531
Watson, Conall H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2469-791X
Mandal, Sema https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3379-3118
Smith, Gillian E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4257-0568
Todkill, Daniel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4325-4786
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Article History
Received: 24 October 2023
Accepted: 19 May 2025
First Online: 31 May 2025
Declarations
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: The anonymised health data used in this study were routinely collected as part of the public health function of the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA). UKHSA has access to a range of data sources under Regulation 3 (Health Protection) of The Health Service (Control of Patient Information) Regulations 2002. Informed consent from individuals was not required. This study was undertaken as part of the national surveillance functions of UKHSA, in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Ethical approval was not required as (1) the anonymised data contained within this study were collected as part of routine public health surveillance undertaken by UKHSA, and (2) according to the UK Health Research Authority decision tool () this study is not defined as ‘research’. All experimental protocols were approved by UKHSA.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
