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Article History

Received: 15 January 2025

Accepted: 21 May 2025

First Online: 31 May 2025

Declarations

:

: To access the DHS data for free online through website of , we send a request to the DHS programmer to obtain ethical approval and permission. The original data was collected by adhering the international and ethical guidelines after obtaining an ethical clearance approval from the ICF Macro Institute Review Board, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the Institutional Review Board (IRB) in each country in compliance with the United States Department of Health and Human Services' obligation for human participation protection. Additionally, informed consent was obtained from all respondents and their legal guardians of minors or age less than 16 during data collection. All data collection procedures were applied according to the Helsinki Declaration. Any information received from the DHS data set was not disclosed to any third party. This study is not an experimental study. A detail description of how the DHS uses data and its ethical clearance can be accessed at: .

: It is not applicable for this study because this study used a secondary DHS data analysis conducted by Central Statistical Agency of the countries.

: The authors declare no competing interests.