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Authors
Xiang, Jia
Xing, Hongfei
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Social Science Foundation of China (21CKS028)
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Article History
Received: 20 February 2025
Accepted: 2 June 2025
First Online: 14 July 2025
Declarations
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: Research ethics approval for data collection in the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) dataset was granted by the Institutional Review Board of Renmin University, PR China. Prior to conducting the study, a voluntary informed consent form has been obtained from the study participants. The research content and purpose are within the scope of standardized informed consent.This study conducted research using anonymized information data. This study does not cause harm to the human body and does not involve sensitive personal information or commercial interests.Based on this, this study complies with the basic principles of the Helsinki Declaration and meets the ethical exemption requirements of the “Ethical Review Measures for Research Involving Human Life Sciences and Medical Sciences” issued by China, which can exempt ethical review. We used the public data of CGSS, no additional ethics approval was needed.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
