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Article History

Received: 22 July 2024

Accepted: 3 June 2025

First Online: 2 July 2025

Declarations

:

: The Ministry of Health of Uganda gave the directive to carry out this investigation. In agreement with the International Guidelines for Ethical Review of Epidemiological Studies by the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (1991) and the Office of the Associate Director for Science, Uganda Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, it was determined that this activity was not human subject research and that its primary intent was public health practice or disease control activity (specifically, epidemic or endemic disease control activity). This activity was reviewed by United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US CDC) and was conducted consistent with applicable federal law and US CDC policy. All study protocols were approved by the US CDC human subjects review board (The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Institutional Review Board) and the Uganda Ministry of Health and were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All study participants were ages 18 and above and written informed consent was obtained from all of them before enrollment in the study.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.