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Article History

Received: 11 June 2024

Accepted: 10 June 2025

First Online: 8 July 2025

Declarations

:

: The permission to conduct this study was obtained from the teachers and principals of those participating schools. All the children and adolescents participating in the study, and their parents or guardians, were informed and participants voluntarily took part in this survey. Verbal informed consent was obtained from all parents/guardians or teachers, and positive assent was obtained from all the children before data collection which was approved by the Institution of Review Board at Shenzhen University. This study survey was also approved by the Institution of Review Board at Shenzhen University (No. 2020005). Procedures performed in studies were by the national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Data were collected and analyzed anonymously.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.