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Authors
Aidoo-Frimpong, Gloria https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4658-2953
Abu-Ba’are, Gamji Rabiu
Apreku, Amos https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8115-9125
Panix Amoh-Otu, Richard
Zigah, Edem
Amu-Adu, Prince
Amuah, Samuel https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6143-7975
Nyblade, Laura
Torpey, Kwasi
Nelson, LaRon E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2630-602X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institutes of Health (T32 MH020031, T32 MH020031, R01NR019009, R01NR019009, R01NR019009)
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Article History
Received: 1 March 2024
Accepted: 11 June 2025
First Online: 3 July 2025
Declarations
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: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the institutional review boards of the Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research (CPN 016/19–20), Ghana Health Service Ethics Review (GHS-ERC 014/10/19), Yale University (2000025917), and the University of Toronto (00038738). Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
