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Article History

Received: 9 October 2023

Accepted: 13 June 2025

First Online: 4 July 2025

Declarations

:

: There were no ethical concerns because the request for the data was submitted electronically to the DHS program website on October, 2023, and permission was given to download and access Kenyan DHS data after reviewing the submitted brief descriptions of the survey to the DHS program. The datasets were treated with the utmost confidential. We were granted access to the information with reference number 190681.The study’s data set was publicly accessible and devoid of any private information. There is no patient or participant involvement.This study was done based on secondary data from Kenyan DHS, hence ethical letter, and informed consent to the participants is not applicable. Issues related to informed consent, confidentiality, anonymity, and privacy of the study participants are already done ethically by the DHS office. We did not manipulate and apply the microdata other than in this study. The study is conducted in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.