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Article History

Received: 3 February 2025

Accepted: 17 June 2025

First Online: 12 July 2025

Declarations

:

: The individual-level mortality data used in this study was obtained from Statbel, the Belgian statistical office. The data was delivered in accordance with the decision regarding the data provision of the General Directorate of Statistics - Statistics Belgium with reference number 2022/127, taken on Sept. 13, 2022. The database is pseudonymized, and contains a multi-digit code specific to this database. It therefore does not enable linkages with other administrative databases or databases belonging to other research centres. A confidentiality contract (reference number 2022/127) stipulates measures to be taken be the researchers to minimize the risk of privacy breeches, in adherence to the Helsinki Declaration.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.