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Authors
Oduro, Michael Safo
Fasola, Eniola
Peprah, Prince
Addo, Isaac Yeboah
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Article History
Received: 9 August 2024
Accepted: 17 June 2025
First Online: 12 July 2025
Declarations
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: Not applicable. This study was a secondary analysis of de-identified, publicly available data obtained from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study. No new data were collected by the authors, and the dataset does not contain any personally identifiable, sensitive, or confidential information.As such, this research did not require ethics approval or informed consent, in accordance with the National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research (2025), issued by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Australia, which permits the use of publicly available, anonymised data without the need for institutional review.This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests. More broadly, results or views expressed in this manuscript do not necessarily reflect those of the authors' respective affiliations.
