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Authors
Qing, Siyu
Liang, Ziyue
Liang, Yifang
Zhang, Renfang
Chen, Xiaojie
Wang, Wenqing
Xu, Chunejie
Lin, Fei
Wang, Yongbin
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Article History
Received: 24 April 2025
Accepted: 17 June 2025
First Online: 14 August 2025
Declarations
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: The CHARLS cohort received primary ethical approval from the Biomedical Ethics Review Committee of Peking University (IRB00001052-11015). Participants provided informed consent, with data anonymized for confidentiality. This study used de-identified secondary data from CHARLS and adhered to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. For this specific secondary data analysis, the research protocol was reviewed and approved by the institutional review board of Xinxiang Medical University (No: XYLL-2019072). No separate ethical approval was required for the analysis of this existing, anonymized dataset beyond the approvals obtained, as this study constituted secondary analysis of previously collected and approved data under conditions that met relevant institutional and national guidelines for exemption.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
