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Authors
Ghosal, Jyoti
Nanda, Anita
Behera, Pallavi
Som, Meena
Bal, Madhusmita
Ranjit, Manoranjan
Kanungo, Srikanta
Kadam, Shridhar Murlidharrao
Pati, Sanghamitra
Dutta, Ambarish
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Article History
Received: 9 April 2024
Accepted: 21 June 2025
First Online: 11 August 2025
Declarations
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: The International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai, provided the ethical approval of NFHS-5 (2019–21). Additionally, the ICF International Review Board (IRB) looked over the survey and gave ethical approval. The respondents provided signed consent after being fully informed about the survey’s purpose and procedures. Only interviews were done after obtaining proper consent from each participant. The Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Program’s website hosts the NFHS-5, an anonymous dataset that is made available to the public and cannot be used to identify the survey respondents.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
