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Authors
Stephano, Elihuruma Eliufoo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9605-3577
Yusheng, Tian
Yamin, Li https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8396-5208
Mtoro, Mtoro J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0487-0559
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
2023 scientific research project of the Chinese Nursing Association (ZHKY202306)
Scientific Research Project of Health Commission of Hunan Province (B202314057251)
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Article History
Received: 5 March 2025
Accepted: 25 June 2025
First Online: 26 July 2025
Declarations
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: The study is based on the publicly available 2004/05, 2010, 2016, and 2022 TDHS datasets, which are accessible online and have been de-identified. The initial survey was approved by the National Institute of Medical Research Ethics Committee in Tanzania and the ICF Macro Ethics Committee in Calverton, New York. We obtained permission to use the DHS data from MEASURE Tanzania Demographic and Health Surveys after submitting a request outlining our data analysis plan. Upon receiving approval, we downloaded the dataset from the DHS Program’s website. Informed consent was obtained from participants before the interviews. All methods were conducted following the relevant guidelines and regulations.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
