Updates are available Correction dated 2026-03-04

Article History

Received: 2 February 2024

Accepted: 26 June 2025

First Online: 30 December 2025

Change Date: 26 January 2026

Change Type: Update

Change Details: The original online version of this article was revised: the Authors' contributions statement has been updated.

Change Date: 4 March 2026

Change Type: Correction

Change Details: A Correction to this paper has been published:

Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-26402-8

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval for the study was provided by the Muhimbili University (DA: 282/298/01.C) and the National Institute of Medical Research (NIMR/HQ/R.8a/Vol. IX/4054) Institutional Review Boards in Tanzania.Ethical considerations: All participants provided a signed written informed consent, which was obtained from literate participants  ≥  18 and legal guardian(s) for participants < 18 yrs. The illiterate participants or guardians put thumb prints on their consent forms after the study research assistants had read the consent to them and they had agreed to participate. Participants  ≥  18 and those 15–17 years who came alone to the clinic, were married, and classified by the clinic as emancipated minors provided informed consent on their own. Participants aged 15–17 years, who came with parents/guardians to the clinic, provided assent to participate after their parents/guardians provided a signed or thumb printed informed consent.

: The authors declare no competing interests.