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Authors
Mhango, Patani
Kumitawa, Andrew
Malata, Monica Patricia
Tang, Jennifer H.
Chipeta, Effie
Kandeya, Bianca
Mtende, Medrina
Kaira, Princess
Mussa, Razak
Chimwaza, Wanangwa
Chinula, Lameck
Magongwa, Ireen
Mbendera, Jacqueline
Mhango, Eneli
Mwandira, Eunice
Msowoya, Lizzie
Smith, Jennifer S.
Matoga, Mitch
Bula, Agatha
Gadama, Luis
Mwapasa, Victor
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
USAID through the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine (2000010394)
USAID through the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine (2000010394)
USAID through the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine (2000010394)
USAID through the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine (2000010394)
USAID through the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine (2000010394)
USAID through the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine (2000010394)
USAID through the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine (2000010394)
USAID through the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine (2000010394)
USAID through the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine (2000010394)
USAID through the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine (2000010394)
USAID through the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine (2000010394)
USAID through the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine (2000010394)
USAID through the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine (2000010394)
USAID through the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine (2000010394)
USAID through the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine (2000010394)
USAID through the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine (2000010394)
USAID through the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine (2000010394)
USAID through the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine (2000010394)
USAID through the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine (2000010394)
USAID through the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine (2000010394)
USAID through the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine (2000010394)
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Article History
Received: 20 October 2024
Accepted: 1 July 2025
First Online: 1 August 2025
Declarations
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: We obtained ethics approval from the University of North Carolina Institutional Review Board (IRB) (Study # 19–0638) and the Malawi National Health Sciences Research Committee (Protocol # 2255). Both IRBs have Federal-Wide Assurance. The study was conducted according to the regulations and guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. We obtained written informed consent from each participant before any interview was conducted.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
