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Article History

Received: 28 April 2025

Accepted: 14 July 2025

First Online: 30 July 2025

Declarations

:

: The research protocol was approved by the Research Deputy of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, with the approval number IR.KUMS.REC.1403.337. The study adhered to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Before data collection, the researchers provided a verbal explanation of the study’s purpose to each potential participant, and informed consent was obtained from all subjects. Participants were also informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time without facing any consequences.

: Not Applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest.

: Differences in the mean EQ-5D-5 L scores between chronic conditions and five unhealthy behaviors were examined using the Mann-Whitney U test. The analysis revealed that all comparisons were statistically significant, with p-values less than 0.05. *Significant at P < 0.001.

: Differences in the mean EQ-VAS scores between chronic conditions and five unhealthy behaviors were examined using the Mann-Whitney U test. The analysis revealed that all comparisons were statistically significant, with p-values less than 0.05. *Significant at P < 0.001; **Significant at P < 0.05.

: Some variables had missing data, which has resulted in the sum of categories being less than the total sample size of 3,518.

: Result obtained from the Mann-Whitney U test.

: The analyses for both models were adjusted for age, marital status, level of education, place of birth, province, and self-assessed household economic status.