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Article History

Received: 14 May 2025

Accepted: 14 July 2025

First Online: 26 August 2025

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the University for Development Studies Institutional Review Board (UDSIRB) (Approval Date: 10th June, 2024) and authorization to conduct the research at the Tamale Teaching Hospital was granted by the Department of Research and Development (Approval Date: 11th June, 2024). The study involved the use of secondary, de-identified data and did not involve direct interaction with patients. All procedures were carried out in accordance with institutional guidelines and adhered to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki as revised in 2013, ensuring respect for participants’ rights, data confidentiality, and the responsible use of human data.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.