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Authors
Kitutu, Freddy Eric
Olum, Ronald
Nakamanya, Sharon Kitibwakye
Nakisita, Olivia
Clarke, Sian E.
Hutchinson, Eleanor
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
UKRI Medical Research Council Global Effort on COVID-19 (MR/V035592/1)
UKRI Medical Research Council Global Effort on COVID-19 (MR/V035592/1)
UKRI Medical Research Council Global Effort on COVID-19 (MR/V035592/1)
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Article History
Received: 24 November 2024
Accepted: 16 July 2025
First Online: 8 August 2025
Declarations
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: The research experiments involving human research participants were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. The research was approved by the Ugandan National Council for Science and Technology (reference number HS1302ES), Makerere University School of Health Sciences REC (reference number MAKSHSREC-2020-71), and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Ethics Committee (reference number 22907). To prevent transmission and protect the research team and study respondents, COVID-19 public health measures, including using alcohol rub, wearing face masks, and social distancing, were observed. Written informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all human research participants. For any research participant with no formal education, informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from an appropriate representative and/or in the presence of a witness.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
