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Authors
Nketiah-Amponsah, Edward https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9754-1983
Ampaw, Samuel https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5881-4347
Bawuah, Alex https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4603-5789
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Article History
Received: 9 December 2024
Accepted: 21 July 2025
First Online: 14 August 2025
Declarations
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: The data used for this study, the Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS), is secondary, and its usage does not require ethical clearance. Measure DHS, which is responsible for undertaking standardized Demographic and Health Surveys in over 90 countries duly obtained ethical approval from the Ghana Health Service Ethical Review Committee (GHS-ERC) in Accra for the study protocol of the 2022 GDHS. As part of the standard study protocol, consent to participate in the study was duly sought from the participants. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Since the study used de-identified data from the GDHS, no additional ethics approval is required.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
