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Authors
Nagata, Abir
Rahman, Md Mahfuzur
Gyeltshen, Tshewang
Nakagawa, Takatoshi
Ahmed, Anam
Shahriar, Abu Saleh Muhammad
Acharya, Kiran
Kubota, Yu
Rahman, Md Shafiur
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Article History
Received: 2 January 2025
Accepted: 22 July 2025
First Online: 22 September 2025
Declarations
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: This study involved secondary analysis of de-identified, publicly available data obtained from the WHO NCD Microdata Repository. The datasets were originally collected as part of the WHO STEPS surveys, which received ethical approval from institutional review boards in each participating country: the Bangladesh Medical Research Council (BMRC), the Research Ethics Board for Health (REBH) under the Ministry of Health in Bhutan, and the Nepal Health Research Council (NHRC). All participants provided written informed consent prior to data collection during the original surveys. Since the current analysis used de-identified data with no access to personal identifiers, and the dataset was publicly available for research use, no additional ethical approval was required for this secondary analysis. Data access permission was obtained from the WHO NCD Microdata Repository.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
