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Article History

Received: 29 October 2024

Accepted: 24 July 2025

First Online: 30 September 2025

Declarations

:

: Procedures followed best practices for violence research [] in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and World Health Organization, and were approved by ethical review committees at Comité d'Ethique de l'Ecole de Santé Publique de l'Université de Kinshasa in Democratic Republic of Congo and the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in the United States. Prior to survey implementation, enumerators received GBV-specific training on confidentiality and privacy, asking questions in a non-judgmental manner, monitoring for emotional upset, and referring to support services. Privacy checks embedded within ODK ensured that women completed sensitive questions in a private space. In line with best practices for violence research [], all participants were given resource information, inclusive of GBV supports, reproductive health, and COVID-related resources, regardless of violence disclosure.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.