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Article History

Received: 25 October 2024

Accepted: 28 July 2025

First Online: 31 August 2025

Declarations

:

: This research proposal obtained ethical clearance from the Health Research Ethics Committee of Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia (Ref. No. 937/UN6.KEP/EC/2022). In addition, official permission was granted by the Garut District Public Health Office. Before data collection, all participants signed written informed consent forms. They were thoroughly informed about the study’s aims, procedures, possible risks and benefits, and their rights as participants. Participation was entirely voluntary, and individuals were free to refuse or withdraw from the study at any stage without facing any consequences. Participants were assured that all the information shared would be kept confidential and that their involvement would not harm them. To protect privacy and ensure autonomy, each participant was assigned a code to replace their name in any documentation or reporting of study findings or interview responses. They were encouraged to ask questions and given ample time to consider their participation. All collected data were handled with strict confidentiality; no personal identifiers were included in the dataset. Instead, unique codes were used to preserve anonymity. No identifiable information appears in any report, presentation, or publication. The data was securely stored and could only be accessed by authorized members of the research team. The study adhered to internationally accepted ethical guidelines, including those in the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.