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Authors
Wang, Jiaxian
Kwan, Rick Yiu Cho https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4332-780X
Suen, Lorna Kwai Ping https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0126-6674
Lam, Simon Ching https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2982-9192
Liu, Ning
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Innovative Research Group Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NO. 82260281)
Guizhou Science and Technology Cooperation (Qian ke he) Foundation (NO. ZK [2024] key Project 069)
2023 Science and Technology Fund Project of Guizhou Provincial Health and Wellness Commission (gzwkj2023-588)
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Article History
Received: 16 May 2024
Accepted: 28 July 2025
First Online: 27 August 2025
Declarations
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: This is a retrospective study based on CHARLS database. Participant information was hidden prior to the study. No participant informed consent was required and there was no ethical conflict. The original version of CHARLS was approved by the Ethics Review Board of Peking University (IRB00001052-11015) and all participants signed an informed consent form at the time of participation. The study followed the guiding principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was approved by the CHARLS Institutional Review Board and followed the guiding principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
