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Authors
Uppala, Rattapon
Niamsanit, Sirapoom
Techasatian, Leelawadee
Saengnipanthkul, Suchaorn
Kosalaraksa, Pope
Sitthikarnkha, Phanthila
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Fundamental Fund, Khon Kaen University, Thailand
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Article History
Received: 29 May 2025
Accepted: 28 July 2025
First Online: 25 August 2025
Declarations
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: This study has been reviewed and approved by the Khon Kaen University Ethical Committee (KKUEC) in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration and Good Clinical Practice Guidelines (#HE671711). The level of black carbon concentration used in this study was obtained from public domain sources and made available for non-commercial use. None of the variables or data used could identify individuals. The written informed consent to participate in this study was waived by the Institutional Review Board of KKUEC, in accordance with Khon Kaen University’s Announcement No. 2179/2563. The requirement for obtaining subjects’ consent was waived because this study used de-identified data and did not involve any additional prospective data collection or direct contact with the subjects.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
