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Authors
Odhiambo, Jackline A.
Mizarzardeh, Ali
Otieno, Moses
Gachau, Susan
Khagayi, Sammy
Fair, Elizabeth
Cleveland, Angela A.
Kamire, Vivienne
Kwaro, Daniel
Joseph, Rachael H.
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Article History
Received: 27 January 2025
Accepted: 1 August 2025
First Online: 2 October 2025
Declarations
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: Ethical approval of the health and demographic surveillance system (HDSS) was obtained from the Kenya Medical Research Institute Science and Ethics Review Unit (SCS #3216). The HDSS was reviewed and approved by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Institutional Review Board (IRB #3308); and was conducted consistent with applicable federal law and CDC policy. Siaya County Health Department and County Health Management Team provided administrative approvals. Informed consent to participate in HDSS was obtained from all study participants aged 18 years and above, or emancipated minors and assent for participants ages 13–17 years with parental consent.
: Not applicable.
: JAO is the Founder and Executive Director of Nyanam Widows Rising, a non-profit dedicated to the holistic wellbeing of widowed women. Other than this, the authors declare no conflict of interest. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official position of the funding agencies.
