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Authors
Liu, Li
Ren, Qian
Zhang, Yu
Yue, Ruoyan
Mu, Huijuan
Li, Yanxia
Li, Huanliang
Wang, Yuehua
Li, Hongfeng
Li, Jingying
Li, Chen
Sun, Wei
Pan, Guowei
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Key Laboratory Program of Shenyang City (21–103-0–16)
the Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program (XLYC1802131)
the Science and Technology Innovation Team Project of China Medical University 2022 (CXTD2022006)
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Article History
Received: 21 March 2025
Accepted: 5 August 2025
First Online: 14 October 2025
Declarations
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: The present study involved a secondary analysis of anonymized data, which included only basic demographic variables such as age and sex. The dataset does not contain any personally identifiable information, and individuals cannot be re-identified. No direct contact with participants was involved, and the study posed no risk to their rights, safety, or well-being.According to institutional and national ethical guidelines, the use of anonymized secondary data without personal identifiers is exempt from formal ethical approval. Nonetheless, we confirm that this study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
