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Article History

Received: 13 April 2025

Accepted: 5 August 2025

First Online: 24 September 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and utilized exclusively de-identified, publicly available data. According to the China ethical guidelines “Measures for the Ethical Review of Human-related Life Science and Medical Research”, when conducting human-related life science and medical research using human information data or biological samples, if the research does not cause harm to the human body, does not involve sensitive personal information or commercial interests, ethical review can be waived to reduce the unnecessary burden on scientific researchers and promote the progress of human-related life science and medical research. This includes conducting research using legally obtained public data, or data generated through observation without interfering with public behavior; conducting research using anonymized information data, etc. Therefore, research involving such data does not require ethical approval or informed consent. The Nanjing Forestry University Institutional Review Board confirmed that there is no conflict of interest or violation of ethical and legal prohibitions in this project, and the Institutional Review Board agrees that the work of this project will proceed as planned. (see attached documentation).

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.