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Article History

Received: 30 November 2024

Accepted: 11 August 2025

First Online: 27 August 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was ethically approved by the Institutional Review Committee (IRC) of Salale University on March 20, 2022 (Ref. no. 885/2022). We obtained the informed written consent, ensuring the participant fully understood the study’s purpose, procedures, risks, benefits, and potential discomforts. Participants were assured that their involvement was voluntary and that they could withdraw from the study at any time. Individual responses (smoking status and alcohol consumption status) were maintained throughout the research process. Throughout the research process, we also implemented measures to ensure data security and integrity. All collected data was stored securely, and only authorized personnel had access to it, further safeguarding the participants’ privacy. Additionally, participants were encouraged to ask questions or express any concerns they might have during the study. This open line of communication fostered a sense of trust and cooperation, enhancing the overall quality of the research.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.