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Authors
Mohd Hashim, Nur Izzati
Daud, Amsyar
Mohammed Nawi, Azmawati
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM PPI/111/8/JEP-2021-402)
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM PPI/111/8/JEP-2021-402)
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM PPI/111/8/JEP-2021-402)
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Article History
Received: 24 June 2025
Accepted: 12 August 2025
First Online: 27 August 2025
Declarations
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: Ethical approval was obtained from the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Research Ethics Committee with approval number UKM PPI/111/8/JEP-2021-402 and from the Medical Research & Ethics Committee (MREC) through the National Medical Research Register of Malaysia (NMRR) with approval number NMRR-21-1879-60858. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided informed consent prior to enrolment. Participation was entirely voluntary, and confidentiality and anonymity of all data were strictly maintained throughout the study process.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
