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Article History

Received: 13 April 2025

Accepted: 12 August 2025

First Online: 9 October 2025

Declarations

:

: Since this study is based on secondary analysis of publicly available, de-identified data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys (BDHS) 2014, no additional ethical approval was required. The BDHS datasets are collected by the National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT) with ethical approval from appropriate national review boards, and informed consent was obtained from all respondents at the time of the original surveys. This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.