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Authors
Zhao, Zhijia
Zhu, Hui
Liu, Hongyi
Chen, Yanming
Zhu, Qiong
Cai, Jie
Xu, Jin
Lu, Qinkang
Ji, Lindan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ningbo Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology (2022L003)
Technology Innovation 2025 Major Project of Ningbo (2021Z054)
Ningbo Youth Science and Technology Innovation Leaders Project (2023QL057)
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Article History
Received: 10 April 2024
Accepted: 15 August 2025
First Online: 30 August 2025
Declarations
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: The study was carried out in accordance with guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committees of Ningbo University Medical Science, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo Women & Children’s Hospital, and Beilun People’s Hospital of Ningbo. We used secondary medical data provided by hospitals, and all sensitive information (such as name, identification card number, medical insurance account, address, telephone number, work unit, etc.) were removed prior to data analysis according to the information security technology guide for health data security of China. The Research Ethics Committees of Ningbo University Medical Science, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo Women & Children’s Hospital, and Beilun People’s Hospital of Ningbo did not require the use of informed consents.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
