Document is current

Article History

Received: 10 May 2025

Accepted: 18 August 2025

First Online: 25 September 2025

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Guangdong University of Science and Technology, under protocol number 2024A188, dated December 29,2024, following registration on November 1,2024. All participants were fully informed about the study’s objectives, the voluntary nature of their participation, their right to withdraw at any time without penalty, and the confidentiality of their responses. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. The study fully adhered to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and followed the ethical guidelines for research involving human participants as stipulated by national and institutional policies.

: Not Applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.