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Article History

Received: 24 April 2025

Accepted: 18 August 2025

First Online: 30 September 2025

Declarations

:

: This study received ethical approval from the Human Research Ethics Committee of Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand (Reference No. HE652090), granted on January 1, 2021. As this study use secondary data, approval to utilize the datasets from the 2021 National Statistical Office Survey was obtained from the Ministry of Health and Population, Thailand. All data were anonymized prior to analysis and no personal identifying information was accessible to the researchers. Informed consent was obtained from participants by the original data collectors during the national survey. The ethics committee waived the need for additional consent for the secondary use of these data in this study. This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. For participants aged 15–17, parental or guardian consent was obtained during the original data collection process. This age group was retained in the analysis due to their substantial representation in the dataset and the relevance of their inclusion to the study of underage drinking.

: The authors declare no competing interests.