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Authors
Stephano, Elihuruma Eliufoo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9605-3577
Rweyemamu, Linus Paul https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8856-8789
Yusheng, Tian https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9805-361X
Yamin, Li https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2861-8163
Ottaru, Theresia Ambrose https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1247-4938
Mbotwa, Christopher Hariri https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2153-8646
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Article History
Received: 20 July 2024
Accepted: 21 August 2025
First Online: 5 November 2025
Declarations
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: This study used a publicly available dataset; thus, no formal ethical approval was necessary for this analysis. However, the 2022 TDHS was carried out with approval from national and international review boards, including the Tanzania National Institute of Medical Research, the Zanzibar Medical Research Ethical Committee, the Institutional Review Board of the Inner-City Fund, and the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. All interviewed participants provided informed consent before the interviews began.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
