Chang, Le
Tang, Haifeng
Cai, Zhenyu
Funding for this research was provided by:
Quanzhou City Science and Technology Program (2025QZNY067, 2021N067S)
Article History
Received: 29 May 2025
Accepted: 22 August 2025
First Online: 1 October 2025
Declarations
:
: The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) received ethics approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Peking University (IRB00001052-11015). All participants provided written informed consent before participation. This study utilized publicly available de-identified data from CHARLS and did not require additional ethics approval.
: Not applicable. This study utilized publicly available secondary data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), which does not contain any individual personal data requiring specific consent for publication.
: The authors declare no competing interests.