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Authors
Yang, Xiaoyan
Xie, Shitong
Wang, Jing
Luo, Chang
Li, Mengdi
Hong, Tianqi
Zhang, Jie
Qi, Wei
Li, Lihua
Wu, Jing
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Open Project of Institute of Optometry and Vision Science in Nankai University (NKSGY202304)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72404205, 72174142)
Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin, China (23JCQNJC01650)
Tianjin Key Medical Discipline (Specialty) Construction Project (TJYXZDXK-016A, TJYXZDXK-016A)
National Program on Key Research Project of China (2022YFC2404502, 2022YFC2404502)
Project of Science and Technology Program of Tianjin, China (17ZXHLSY00050)
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Article History
Received: 18 December 2024
Accepted: 25 August 2025
First Online: 9 October 2025
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not Applicable.
: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Participants were informed about their freedom of refusal. Anonymity and confidentiality were maintained throughout the research process.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The funder had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
