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Authors
Djossaya, Dove https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3730-1538
Igbu, Thompson
Kangbai, Desmond https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2543-349X
Nuwagira, Innocent
Kemoh, Andrew
Jones, Michael
Sesay, Tom
Lansana, Sallu
Williams, Samuel Adeyemi
Saffa, Gbessay
Kamara, Ibrahim Franklyn
Amani, Adjidja https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6000-5132
Fouda, Andre Arsene Bita https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9188-9364
Anya, Blanche Philomène Melanga https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3438-6119
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Article History
Received: 16 November 2024
Accepted: 25 August 2025
First Online: 9 October 2025
Declarations
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: The SLDHS survey protocol was reviewed and approved by the Sierra Leone Ethics and Scientific Review Committee and the ICF Institutional Review Board in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was issued by the DHS Program to download the 2019 SLDHS data sets from their website and to use them for the sole purpose of this study. All data downloaded was anonymized to ensure participant confidentiality. Informed consent was obtained during SLDHS data collection from participants in order to inform them on their rights and on the purpose of the study.
: The authors have given consent for publication of this paper.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
