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Authors
Shawaluddin, Noor Syaqilah
Lah, Tuan Mohd Amin Tuan
Mahjom, Maznieda
Nasaruddin, Nur Hamizah
Alias, Nazirah
Riyadzi, Mohd Ruhaizie
Saminathan, Thamil Arasu
Abidin, Nur Faraeein Zainal
Kuay, Lim Kuang
Awaluddin, S Maria
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia (NMRR ID–21-157-58261, NMRR ID–21-157-58261, NMRR ID–21-157-58261, NMRR ID–21-157-58261, NMRR ID–21-157-58261, NMRR ID–21-157-58261, NMRR ID–21-157-58261, NMRR ID–21-157-58261, NMRR ID–21-157-58261, NMRR ID–21-157-58261)
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Article History
Received: 28 February 2025
Accepted: 25 August 2025
First Online: 1 October 2025
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Medical Research and Ethics Committee (MREC), Ministry of Health Malaysia (NMRR ID–21-157-58261). Written informed consent from parents or guardians and assent from adolescents were obtained prior to data collection.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
