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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Key Research and Development Program of the Henan Provincial Department of Science and Technology (251111313800)
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Article History
Received: 27 June 2024
Accepted: 25 August 2025
First Online: 9 October 2025
Declarations
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: The Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) is an ongoing primary care database of anonymised medical records from general practitioners, with coverage of over 19 million patients from 937 practices in the UK. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. Protocol approval was received from the CPRD Independent Scientific Advisory Committee (ISAC), the ISAC number was 18_031R2. Informed consent was not required for conducting this study, as the CPRD database provides anonymised data from medical records, so it is not possible to identify patients from GP practice in CPRD database.
: Not Applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
