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Authors
Thorsteinsson, Einar https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2065-1989
Stattin, Håkan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3739-8185
Eriksson, Charli https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0185-0851
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare (2022–01087)
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Article History
Received: 4 April 2025
Accepted: 27 August 2025
First Online: 14 November 2025
Declarations
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: This study uses data from the HBSC, an international study conducted in 50 European countries and Canada in collaboration with WHO Europe. The study was conducted in accordance with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. In each year of the study, the principal investigators in each country obtained approval to conduct the HBSC survey from an ethics committee and, when required by national regulations, from a national data protection authority. In accordance with national legislation and institutional requirements in the Nordic countries, written informed consent from participants’ legal guardians/next of kin was not required for participation in this study. In Sweden, studies based on HBSC data have been considered exempt from human subject review by the Regional Ethics Review Board in Stockholm and most recently by the Swedish Ethics Review Board (2023-05117-01).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
