Yan, Chunyu
Jing, Yingyu
Ruan, Qi
Liu, Ping
Chen, Guang
Article History
Received: 23 June 2025
Accepted: 29 August 2025
First Online: 10 October 2025
Declarations
:
: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (for human subjects research) and relevant national/institutional guidelines. The Biomedical Ethics Review Board of Peking University approved the CHARLS data collection (IRB00001052-11015), and the Research Ethics Committee of Peking University approved the CLHLS study (IRB00001052-13074). All participants provided written informed consent.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.