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Authors
Kuo, Wan-chin
Luo, Dian
Brown, Roger L.
Hruska, Colleen
Wang, Chi-Jane
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Wisconsin-Madison, Vice Chancellor for Research and Graduate Education (VCRGE) grant
National Institute on Aging to the Center for Demography of Health and Aging at the University of Wisconsin-Madison (P30 AG017266)
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Article History
Received: 15 August 2024
Accepted: 2 September 2025
First Online: 2 December 2025
Declarations
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: The Health and Retirement Study (HRS) was reviewed and approved by the University of Michigan’s Health Sciences Institutional Review Board (IRB). All participants read confidentiality statements and gave oral or implied consent. This secondary data analysis was approved by the University of Wisconsin-Madison’s IRB with an exemption from full IRB review (ID: 2022 − 0517).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
