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Authors
Zhao, Mengting
Langworthy, Benjamin
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Article History
Received: 23 June 2024
Accepted: 3 September 2025
First Online: 8 October 2025
Declarations
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: This study was granted an exemption from requiring full IRB review by the North Dakota Health Human Services (IRB project: ND111022024, Date: April 9, 2024). The exemption was based on the study collects no personal identifiers and is part of the ongoing evaluation of the tobacco program. Informed consent to participate was obtained from all study participants.
: Not applicable.
: Mengting Zhao is an employee of Professional Data Analysts (PDA), which helps to support the North Dakota State Department of Health and Human Services, Tobacco Prevention and Control Program. The other author declares no competing interests.
